Japan
Baseline Activities
DISSUADE DENY DETECT DEFEND Cross-Cutting Policies that don't fit
Root Causes Establish Norms Encourage norms Enforce norms Info Materiel Equipment Access People Capabilities Plans Agents Disease Source Protection Incident Management (IM) Plans IM Capabilities/ Resources Counter- measures Remediation
                                         
Communities S/L/F Public Health                                   * Ministry of Health launched a program to expand vaccine stockpile nationwide * Ministry of Health prepared for decontamination units to be deployed to Emergency Relief Centers.
                              * SDF and National Institute of Infectious Disease rarely interact. * The Food and Hygiene Law entitles PH centers to implement compulsory on-site investigations AFTER receiving reports of cases of infectiou diseases, but they cannot investigate cases that are only 'suspicious'    
Hospital/Medical                                      
                                     
Law Enforcement                                * Within the National Police Agency, there is a "Special Advisor of NBC terrorism" who enhances and coordinates reponse capability for terrorist activities including NBC attacks, hijacking, hostages, and attacks on international events
* Special units for responding to NBC terrorism installed in large cities and major prefecural police departments.  These equip special vehicles and hold detection equipment

 * NPA and National Fire Department organized NBC anti-terrorism units    
      * Under current legal framework (Infectious Disease Act and the Food Hygiene Law), national and local authorities cannot enforce preventive, consequence-management, or remediation measures.  Public health law is not strong enough to obligate citizens to get a medical check                        * SDF and police departments rarely interact.      
Emergency Management/ Fire                                      
                                     
Biotech Industry                                      
                                     
Science Community                                      
                                     
Military/Defense                               * The "Basic Principle for Countering Biological Weapons" was compiled by the JDA in 2002 to define the role of the SDF (?) in deterrence against bioterroristm, emergency resuce, first responders, and counterforce to fight terrorists.  Emphasized function of first responders, including detection, identification of agents, medical treatment of victims, and decontamination
   * Japanese Defense Agency (JDA) in 2000 held a rountable on BW to recommend ways to build capacity for countermeasures.
* After anthrax, JDA increased production of antibiotics and strengthened emergency medical system.		  
                              * SDF and National Institute of Infectious Disease or police departments rarely interact.      
Arms Control                                      
                                     
Federal Government           * Japan has been slow to introduce measures to control materials and equipment, although work is in progress to tighten control over storage, transfer, and distribution of materials.  Regulation is a problem.
* Amended the Implementation Law for the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention to add the prohibition of the dissemination of bioagents and toxins that do not take the form of weapons.
* Gov enacted the Law on the Prevention of Human Casualties Cause by Sarin and other Toxic Substances to prohibit possession, production, import of sarin and other chemicals.
* MHLW conducted a questionnaire of facilities about whether they possess pathogens. The Results were poor and the "Action Plan" prescribes increased controls.  However, there are loopholes in the Infectious Disease Act that make this difficult.  A new proposed amendment would require enforceable reporting on possession and transfer of pathogens.		 * Japan has been slow to introduce measures to control materials and equipment, although work is in progress to tighten control over storage, transfer, and distribution of materials.  Regulation is a problem. * Action Plan for Preventing Terrorist Attacks (2004) proposed to strengthen visa control and passport control, establish a mechnism to designate terrorist as "persona non grata" and prevent them from entering country, introduce the Advanced Passengers Information System, and utilize ICPO's database on lost/stolen passports.               * November 2001, government issued "Five Principles for Chemical and Biological Weapons Terrorism" that required agencies in central gov and prefectures to make contingency plans to respond to chem/bio terrorism. 
* In 2004, the Headquarters for the Promotion of Measures Against Transnational Organized Crimes..and International Terrorism established the Action Plan for Preventing Terroris Attacks.  Focused on preparedness and prevention.
   * Government establish the Emergency Anti-Terrorism Headquaraters, an interagency group that prioritized policy measures for anti-terrorism.  After anthrax it issued a document called "On the Promotion of Countermeasures against Biological and Chemical Terrorism."
* Ministry of Education sent protective suits to National University Hospitals		   * Council Against NBC Terrorism established to coordinate government activities during WMD attacks. (after Aum)
                              * The Infectious Disease Act was amended in 2001 to designate hospitals that receive pandemic victims; however it only "advises" them and does not "order" them to take these victims.   * Althought the Infectious Diseases Act tried to increase capacity in hospitals, it remains a problem.  There is certainly not enough room for isolation of victims in a large scale outbreak.     * Coordination needs more sophistication - there is redundancy and loopholes between jurisdications of agencies
Federal Legislative Bodies                                      
                                     
International Public Health                                      
                                     
International Organizations                                      
                                     
KEY: SOURCES :
  BASELINE ACTIVITIES 1.  Akiyama, Nobumasa.  Japanese Perceptions on and Preparedness for Biological Threats
 
 
 
  GAPS