South Africa
Baseline Activities
DISSUADE DENY DETECT DEFEND Cross-Cutting Policies that don't fit
Root Causes Establish Norms Encourage norms Enforce norms Info Materiel Equipment Access People Capabilities Plans Agents Disease Source Protection Incident Management (IM) Plans IM Capabilities/ Resources Counter- measures Remediation
                                         
Communities S/L/F Public Health                         * Government attempting to introduce a web-based notification system, but this may not affect private practicioners.       * PH system extensive and well-resourced, but also very burdened by HIV and TB    
                        * Great deal of concern about ability of existig systems to adquately monitor disease outbreaks.
* Health Act includes a list of notifiable diseases but there are problems in implementation of the notification system, including a lack of incentive for notification, high turnover of officers involved in data collection/processing.  The system is run on the basis of passive surveillance, leading to under-reporting, lack of timeliness, and incorrect diagnoses.
* Few practicioners are aware of which diseases are notifiable, do not keep copies of forms, are not educated on what to do with phones.
* Health professionals do not appreciate the importance of disease reporting, especially in rural communities.		     * Lack of preparedness of hospitals to deal with lots of casualties * PH system extensive and well-resourced, but also very burdened by HIV and TB
* Preparedness for deliberate disease is not a priority in terms of resource allocation		 * Vaccine manufacturing capacity is not sufficient to deal with large scale animal or human outbreaks. 
* It is unlikely stockpiles of BW-related drugs exist.		  
Hospital/Medical                                      
                                     
Law Enforcement                * Movement of people is controlled by the Department of Home Affairs and the South African Police Service                      
              * Border controls have some shortcomings but is the subject of attention of the government
* Border control is very costly and is an area where Au states need assistance, especially with airports, computers, and intelligence.		                      
Emergency Management/ Fire                               * Handbook for First Responders has been prepared but not disseminated.
* Some training has taken place in coordination with the US		      
                                     
Biotech Industry                                      
    * Industry fears that increased regulation will restricut industry growth; believes biosafety should be emphasized more than biosecurity                                
Science Community                                      
    * Few scientists even know what the BTCW is, and when informed they felt it would be an unfair burden on them.     * Few biosecurity measures in place at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
* Culture collections are locked up but less for security than protection of the culture.		 * Few biosecurity measures in place at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) * Few biosecurity measures in place at the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)
* Scientists not subjected to security screening or checks.		                       Re-employ weapons scientists
Military/Defense                                 * African states working with US for regional military exercises    
                              * South African National Defence Force (SANDF) objectives include the defense against chem/bio attack, but as a very low priority.      
Arms Control                                      
                                     
Federal Government           * Pathogens are controlled under the Non-Proliferation Act, the Agricultural Pests Act, the Animal Health Act, the GMO's Act, and the Health Act.
* State requires permits for both the export and re-export of controlled goods, which are listed in a list of controlled pathogens and equipments (Australia group list plus additional ones).
* All labs that use or stock controlled equipment or goods must be registered with the NPC.  They must also notify the NPC of transfer or any other change.		 * State requires permits for both the export and re-export of controlled goods, which are listed in a list of controlled pathogens and equipments (Australia group list plus additional ones).
* All labs that use or stock controlled equipment or goods must be registered with the NPC.  They must also notify the NPC of transfer or any other change.		 * Movement of people is controlled by the Department of Home Affairs and the South African Police Service
               * Document is being considered to cover join management of chem/bio/rad incidents as a regulation under the Disaster Management Act.       * The African Union (AU) has adopted a Convention on Terrorism, but many African states lack security capacity to deter terrorist acts.  
* Southern Africa has religious conflict, lack of opportunity for voicing concerns, poverty, etc., which may increase international terrorism in Africa
* Political leaders have stated that developing countries should ID security interests that align with economic and development needs and call for long-term peace building approaches.		       * Poor communication with science community. * Export and import of goods are controlled by different agencies; harmonized legislation and coordination is lacking.
* No national list of laboratories that work with pathogens.
* NPC is not very good at ensuring scientists and facilities are aware of their legislative repsonsibilities.  Few even know of the NPC.
* Poor communication with science community.		 * Export and import of goods are controlled by different agencies; harmonized legislation and coordination is lacking.
* No national list of laboratories that work with pathogens.
* NPC is not very good at ensuring scientists and facilities are aware of their legislative repsonsibilities.  Few even know of the NPC.
* Poor communication with science community.		 * Poor communication with science community. * There is a need to improve the ability of the intelligence services to undersatnd how new technologies and access to resources changed national security challeneges.
* There is a need to maintain a balance between secrecy and consitutional rights of citizens.		   * Weak states such as those in southern Africa provide safe havens to terrorist because of easy movement across borders, lack of military order                 * US-Africa cooperation is seen as one-sided; US does not help enough.
* African governments worry that security issues will take money away from humanitarian issues.
* National legislation can sometimes be "quick fix" and actually create a gulf between government and citizens.
Federal Legislative Bodies                                      
                                     
International Public Health                                      
                                     
International Organizations                                      
                                     
KEY: SOURCES :
  BASELINE ACTIVITIES 1.    Gould, Chandra.  Baseline Assessment of BW Threat Reduction Activities in South and Southern Africa.
 
 
 
"Since BW terrorism is not regarded as a threat by South Africa or other countries in the southern African region, there are few activities specifically devoted to addressing it"
  GAPS